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Harmony Basics - Part 49

Other methods to identify modes

In the previous article we started to see how you can differentiate modes from each other. And we'll keep on doing the same today.

Harmony Basics - Part 49: Other methods to identify modes
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Parallel modes

As you saw before, what distinguishes modes is their tonic (yes, the same tonic that defines a key), associated to a characteristic note which I called a natural characteristic degree (NCD).

To eventually simplify things, you can resort to “parallel modes.”

“Is this a joke? You are talking about simplifying things and you throw around yet another abstruse term? ”
Don’t worry, I’m talking basically about the same principle behind the parallel scales you saw in article 16 of this series, but in this case it’s modes that begin with the same tonic.

Look at the following example and see what results from transposing the modes in articles 46 and 48 towards the parallel modes based on the tonic ©:

Parallel modes for C
01 Do ionien
00:0000:06
  • 01 Do ionien 00:06
  • 02 Do dorien 00:06
  • 03 Do phrygien 00:06
  • 04 Do lydien 00:06
  • 05 Do mixolydien 00:06
  • 06 Do éolien 00:06
  • 07 Do locrien 00:06

It’s easy to see here which notes differ from one mode to another:

  • C ionian (I of C major): no alteration
  • C dorian (II of Bb major): Eb and Bb
  • C phrygian (II of Ab major): Db, Eb, Ab, and Bb
  • C lydian (IV of G major): F#
  • C mixolydian (V of F major): Bb
  • C aeolian (VI of Eb major): Eb, Ab and Bb
  • C locrian (VII of Db major): Db, Eb, Gb, Ab, and Bb

Modes and key signatures

It’s easy to observe that the alterations correspond to those of the original scale of each of the modes presented here, for instance Bb-Eb for the Bb major scale of C Dorian. However, this begs the question of the key signature of a song written in modal harmony.

Should you adopt that of the original scale or should you take a particular key signature and add and remove alterations depending on your needs? The answer is not clear-cut. Indicating a key signature allows you to establish a tonic even if that means eventually modulating to parallel modes of that tonic. Not indicating any key signature gives the composer much more freedom.

Defining chords by their tetrachords

To finish, let’s analyze each mode by their tetrachords.

Every scale or mode based on a sequence of seven notes can be divided into two groups of four notes: one going from degrees I to IV and another one from V to VII, plus the octave.

The following example ought to make this clearer:

Modes tetrachords

In this example the first tetrachord is made up of the following intervals:

2 semitones, 2 semitones, 1 semitone. The first two intervals form a major third, so it’s considered a major tetrachord.

The second tetrachord is made up of the following intervals:

2 semitones, 1 semitone, 2 semitones. The first two intervals form a minor third, which makes it a minor tetrachord.

This way you can define modes by their tetrachords.

However, the phrygian and lydian modes are somewhat particular: the first one because its tetrachords start with a semitone, and the second one because its first tetrachord is an augmented fourth. This type of specific tetrachords get their name from the mode in question.

  • Ionian: major tetrachord + major tetrachord
  • Dorian: minor + minor
  • Phrygian: phrygian (starts with a semitone) + phrygian
  • Lydian: lydian (augmented) + major
  • Mixolydian: major + minor
  • Aeolian: minor + phrygian
  • Locrian: phrygian + lydian
← Previous article in this series:
Characteristic notes in the modal system
Next article in this series:
Harmonic rules for the Ionian and Dorian modes →

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